Vernier Caliper ( Science and Technology)

Vernier Caliper

A Vernier caliper is measuring scale it is used in Horizontal and Depth place measure.  If a two scale one main scale and second Vernier scale. 

Vernier caliper

One small division on main scale = 1 mm

No. of divisions on Vernier scale = 50

50 Vernier scale divisions = 49 divisions on main 

scale (or 49 mm)

Each division on Vernier scale = (49/50) mm

Difference between one main scale division and one 

Vernier scale division = 1 - (49/50) mm

= (50 - 49)/50

= (1/50) mm

= 0.02 mm

Least Count = 0.02 mm

Least count = 0.02

Advantages and Disadvantages Of CNC Machine.(Science and Technology)

 Advantages of CNC Machine:

 1. Greater accuracy of job is achieved.
2 . Higher repeatability and improved product quality.
3. Less operator skill is required to run CNC machine.
4. Better machine utilization hence reduced idle time.
 5. High production rate as speed, feed, depth of cut are optimum for highest quality
6. Lower tooling cost, per piece in production.
7. Jig 's and fixture's cost are often reduced. 8. Reduced cycle time.
 9. Better tool life and machineability.
 10. Less scrap thanks to consistent accuracy, less errors.
 11. Excellent reliability as dimensions are supported programes.
 12. Reduced in - process inventory of parts in process.
13. Design changes are possible. Any change in design is possible at lowest cost.
14. Use of programmable software like Ideas. Master - Cam, Pro - engineer, Edge Cam  etc. for sophisticated jobs.
 15. Productivity are often improved to great extent.
16. CNC machines could also be utilized altogether three shifts to scale back the value of machinery.
17. Tool setup time are often reduced.
 18. Two or more machines are often controlled with one monitor.
19. best suited for continuous and better production.
20. Program are often stored and used again when required.
21. Optimum speed and feed for best surface finish are often used.

Disadvantages of CNC Machine:

 1. CNC machines are more complex machines.
 2 . Cost is high.
3. Cost of control systems used is high.
4. Maintenance cost is high.

CNC MACHINE(Science and Technology)

                CNC MACHINE

 Automation and production are related to advancement in technology. production machine tools include automatic unit machine tools and automatic transfer-machines etc. These machine tools are highly specialized but inflexible. aside from these machine tools, quite about half the entire available machine tools are engaged in small lot and piece production. These include general purpose machine tools, hydraulic tracer controlled machine tools and programmed operation cycle machine tools." the overall purpose machine tools, albeit highly flexible (can easily change from one product to another), aren't suitable for production, due to longer found out times, machine and gear adjustments. due to the above factors an excellent need was for machine tools that would bridge the gap between highly flexible general purpose machine tools (which aren't economical for mass production) and highly specialized, but inflexible production machines.

DIAGRAM OF CNC (SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY)

DIAGRAM OF CNC MACHINE.

               1. CONTROL  CNC MACHINE

2. CNC MACHINE

                           

              3. BLOCK DIAGRAM OF CNC

Machine (Science and Technology).

                       Machine

A device which gains some energy and converts into desired useful work that's called machine.


                             Types

1.  A machine which generating mechanical energy.

 These sorts of machines some energy like heat, hydraulic, electrical, etc convert into mechanical work. it's also called prime movers.

 Example:- combustion engine, turbine, water turbine, steam engines, etc. Like combustion Engine during which energy is converted into the warmth energy which turn is converted into the mechanical add the rotation of the wheel to the vehicle.

2. Machines which transforming mechanical energy.

 These sorts of machines convert energy into other energy forms is understood as Transforming energy machines like Hydraulic energy, electricity, etc. it's also called converting machines.

 Example:- Electrical generator, hydraulic ram etc. Like Electric generator during which rotation of the shaft (Mechanical energy) is converted into electricity.

3. Machines which utilizing mechanical energy.

 This type of machine is receiving energy utilizing various applications.

 Example:- CNC machine, Milling machines, etc. Like Lathe machine that utilizes energy.

Surface Tension(Science and Technology)

                         SURFACE TENSION

It is defined as a tensile force working on the surface of a liquid in contact with air(gas) or between two immiscible liquid.

Surface Tension denote by ' Little sigma'.
Unit of surface tension 'N/m'.
 Newton/meter.

Pressure force relation for water droplet is Surface tension is

P=4 x sigma/ d.

P= Pressure force (Intensity of pressure).
Sigma= Surface tension.
d= diameter of water droplet.

Pressure force relation of Soap bubble is Surface tension is 

P=8 x sigma/ d.

P= pressure force
Sigma= Surface tension. 
d= diameter of Soap bubble.

Abstract
Science, technology and innovation every represent a in turn larger class of activities that area unit extremely mutualist however distinct. Science contributes to technology in a minimum of six ways.

 1.  New information that is an instantaneous supply of ideas for brand spanking new technological possibilities.

 2.  Supply of tools and techniques for additional economical engineering style and a cognitive content for analysis of feasibleness of designs.

3.   Analysis instrumentation, laboratory techniques and analytical strategies utilized in analysis that eventually realize their means into style or industrial practices, typically through intermediate disciplines.

4.   Apply of analysis as a supply for development and assimilation of latest human skills and capabilities eventually helpful for technology.

5.  Creation of a cognitive content that becomes {increasingly|progressively|more and additional} vital within the assessment of technology in terms of its wider social and environmental impacts

6.  Cognitive content that allows more economical ways of applied analysis, development, and refinement of latest technologies.

The converse impact of technology on science is of a minimum of equal importance.

1. Through providing a fertile supply of novel scientific queries Associate in Nursingd thereby conjointly serving to to justify the allocation of resources required to deal with these queries in an economical and timely manner, extending the agenda of science.

2.  As a supply of otherwise untouchable instrumentation and techniques required to deal with novel and tougher scientific queries additional expeditiously.

Specific samples of every of those two-way interactions area unit mentioned. due to several indirect also as direct connections between science and technology, the analysis portfolio of potential social profit is far broader and additional numerous than would be recommended by wanting solely at the direct connections between science and technology.